OpenI
/
machinelearning_notebook

{
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   "source": [
    "# 动态图和静态图\n",
    "目前神经网络框架分为[静态图框架和动态图框架](https://blog.csdn.net/qq_36653505/article/details/87875279)，PyTorch 和 TensorFlow、Caffe 等框架最大的区别就是他们拥有不同的计算图表现形式。 TensorFlow 使用静态图，这意味着我们先定义计算图，然后不断使用它，而在 PyTorch 中，每次都会重新构建一个新的计算图。通过这次课程，我们会了解静态图和动态图之间的优缺点。\n",
    "\n",
    "对于使用者来说，两种形式的计算图有着非常大的区别，同时静态图和动态图都有他们各自的优点，比如动态图比较方便debug，使用者能够用任何他们喜欢的方式进行debug，同时非常直观，而静态图是通过先定义后运行的方式，之后再次运行的时候就不再需要重新构建计算图，所以速度会比动态图更快。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "![](https://ws3.sinaimg.cn/large/006tNc79ly1fmai482qumg30rs0fmq6e.gif)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "下面我们比较 while 循环语句在 TensorFlow 和 PyTorch 中的定义"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## TensorFlow"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "ModuleNotFoundError",
     "evalue": "No module named 'tensorflow'",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mModuleNotFoundError\u001b[0m                       Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-1-7d11304356bb>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      1\u001b[0m \u001b[0;31m# tensorflow\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 2\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0;32mimport\u001b[0m \u001b[0mtensorflow\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mas\u001b[0m \u001b[0mtf\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m      3\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      4\u001b[0m \u001b[0mfirst_counter\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mtf\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mconstant\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;36m0\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      5\u001b[0m \u001b[0msecond_counter\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mtf\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mconstant\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;36m10\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;31mModuleNotFoundError\u001b[0m: No module named 'tensorflow'"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# tensorflow\n",
    "import tensorflow as tf\n",
    "\n",
    "first_counter = tf.constant(0)\n",
    "second_counter = tf.constant(10)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 16,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def cond(first_counter, second_counter, *args):\n",
    "    return first_counter < second_counter\n",
    "\n",
    "def body(first_counter, second_counter):\n",
    "    first_counter = tf.add(first_counter, 2)\n",
    "    second_counter = tf.add(second_counter, 1)\n",
    "    return first_counter, second_counter"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 17,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "c1, c2 = tf.while_loop(cond, body, [first_counter, second_counter])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 21,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "RuntimeError",
     "evalue": "The Session graph is empty.  Add operations to the graph before calling run().",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mRuntimeError\u001b[0m                              Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-21-430d26a59053>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      1\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mwith\u001b[0m \u001b[0mtf\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mcompat\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mv1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mSession\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mas\u001b[0m \u001b[0msess\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 2\u001b[0;31m     \u001b[0mcounter_1_res\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mcounter_2_res\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0msess\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mrun\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m[\u001b[0m\u001b[0mc1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mc2\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m]\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;32m~/.local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/tensorflow/python/client/session.py\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mrun\u001b[0;34m(self, fetches, feed_dict, options, run_metadata)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    956\u001b[0m     \u001b[0;32mtry\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    957\u001b[0m       result = self._run(None, fetches, feed_dict, options_ptr,\n\u001b[0;32m--> 958\u001b[0;31m                          run_metadata_ptr)\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m    959\u001b[0m       \u001b[0;32mif\u001b[0m \u001b[0mrun_metadata\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    960\u001b[0m         \u001b[0mproto_data\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mtf_session\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mTF_GetBuffer\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mrun_metadata_ptr\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;32m~/.local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/tensorflow/python/client/session.py\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m_run\u001b[0;34m(self, handle, fetches, feed_dict, options, run_metadata)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m   1104\u001b[0m       \u001b[0;32mraise\u001b[0m \u001b[0mRuntimeError\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m'Attempted to use a closed Session.'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m   1105\u001b[0m     \u001b[0;32mif\u001b[0m \u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mgraph\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mversion\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m==\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m0\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m-> 1106\u001b[0;31m       raise RuntimeError('The Session graph is empty.  Add operations to the '\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m   1107\u001b[0m                          'graph before calling run().')\n\u001b[1;32m   1108\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;31mRuntimeError\u001b[0m: The Session graph is empty.  Add operations to the graph before calling run()."
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "with tf.compat.v1.Session() as sess:\n",
    "    counter_1_res, counter_2_res = sess.run([c1, c2])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 19,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "NameError",
     "evalue": "name 'counter_1_res' is not defined",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mNameError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-19-62b1e84b7d43>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mprint\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mcounter_1_res\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m      2\u001b[0m \u001b[0mprint\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mcounter_2_res\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;31mNameError\u001b[0m: name 'counter_1_res' is not defined"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(counter_1_res)\n",
    "print(counter_2_res)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "可以看到 TensorFlow 需要将整个图构建成静态的，换句话说，每次运行的时候图都是一样的，是不能够改变的，所以不能直接使用 Python 的 while 循环语句，需要使用辅助函数 `tf.while_loop` 写成 TensorFlow 内部的形式\n",
    "\n",
    "这是非常反直觉的，学习成本也是比较高的\n",
    "\n",
    "下面我们来看看 PyTorch 的动态图机制，这使得我们能够使用 Python 的 while 写循环，非常方便"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## PyTorch"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# pytorch\n",
    "import torch\n",
    "first_counter = torch.Tensor([0])\n",
    "second_counter = torch.Tensor([10])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "while (first_counter < second_counter)[0]:\n",
    "    first_counter += 2\n",
    "    second_counter += 1"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "tensor([20.])\n",
      "tensor([20.])\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(first_counter)\n",
    "print(second_counter)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "可以看到 PyTorch 的写法跟 Python 的写法是完全一致的，没有任何额外的学习成本\n",
    "\n",
    "上面的例子展示如何使用静态图和动态图构建 while 循环，看起来动态图的方式更加简单且直观，你觉得呢？"
   ]
  }
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