machinelearning_notebook/0_python/5_Control_Flow_EN.ipynb

{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Control Flow Statements"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 1. If"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "if some_condition:\n",
    "    \n",
    "    algorithm"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Welcome!\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x = 4\n",
    "if x >10:\n",
    "    print(\"Hello\")\n",
    "else:\n",
    "    print(\"Welcome!\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 2. If-else"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "if some_condition:\n",
    "    \n",
    "    algorithm\n",
    "    \n",
    "else:\n",
    "    \n",
    "    algorithm"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "hello\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x = 12\n",
    "if x > 10:\n",
    "    print(\"hello\")\n",
    "else:\n",
    "    print(\"world\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 3. if-elif"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "if some_condition:\n",
    "    \n",
    "    algorithm\n",
    "\n",
    "elif some_condition:\n",
    "    \n",
    "    algorithm\n",
    "\n",
    "else:\n",
    "    \n",
    "    algorithm"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "x<y\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x = 10\n",
    "y = 12\n",
    "if x > y:\n",
    "    print(\"x>y\")\n",
    "elif x < y:\n",
    "    print(\"x<y\")\n",
    "else:\n",
    "    print(\"x=y\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "if statement inside a if statement or if-elif or if-else are called as nested if statements."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "x<y\n",
      "x=10\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x = 10\n",
    "y = 12\n",
    "if x > y:\n",
    "    print(\"x>y\")\n",
    "elif x < y:\n",
    "    print(\"x<y\")\n",
    "    if x==10:\n",
    "        print(\"x=10\")\n",
    "    else:\n",
    "        print(\"invalid\")\n",
    "else:\n",
    "    print(\"x=y\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 4. Loops"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### 4.1 For"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "for variable in something:\n",
    "    \n",
    "    algorithm"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "0\n",
      "1\n",
      "2\n",
      "3\n",
      "4\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for i in range(5):\n",
    "    print(i)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "1\n",
      "2\n",
      "5\n",
      "6\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a = [1, 2, 5, 6]\n",
    "for i in a:\n",
    "    print(i)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "In the above example, i iterates over the 0,1,2,3,4. Every time it takes each value and executes the algorithm inside the loop. It is also possible to iterate over a nested list illustrated below."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[1, 2, 3]\n",
      "[4, 5, 6]\n",
      "[7, 8, 9]\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "list_of_lists = [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]]\n",
    "for list1 in list_of_lists:\n",
    "    print(list1)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "A use case of a nested for loop in this case would be,"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "1\n",
      "2\n",
      "3\n",
      "\n",
      "4\n",
      "5\n",
      "6\n",
      "\n",
      "7\n",
      "8\n",
      "9\n",
      "\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "list_of_lists = [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]]\n",
    "for list1 in list_of_lists:\n",
    "    for x in list1:\n",
    "        print(x)\n",
    "    print()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### 4.2 While"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "while some_condition:\n",
    "    \n",
    "    algorithm"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "1\n",
      "4\n",
      "Bye\n",
      "looping   4\n",
      "looping   5\n",
      "looping   6\n",
      "looping   7\n",
      "looping   8\n",
      "looping   9\n",
      "looping  10\n",
      "looping  11\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "i = 1\n",
    "while i < 3:\n",
    "    print(i ** 2)\n",
    "    i = i+1\n",
    "print('Bye')\n",
    "\n",
    "# do-untile\n",
    "while True:\n",
    "    #do something\n",
    "    i = i+1\n",
    "    print('looping %3d' % i)\n",
    "    \n",
    "    # check \n",
    "    if i>10: break"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 5. Break"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "As the name says. It is used to break out of a loop when a condition becomes true when executing the loop."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "0\n",
      "1\n",
      "2\n",
      "3\n",
      "4\n",
      "5\n",
      "6\n",
      "7\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for i in range(100):\n",
    "    print(i)\n",
    "    if i>=7:\n",
    "        break"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 6. Continue"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "This continues the rest of the loop. Sometimes when a condition is satisfied there are chances of the loop getting terminated. This can be avoided using continue statement. "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "0\n",
      "1\n",
      "2\n",
      "3\n",
      "4\n",
      "The end.\n",
      "The end.\n",
      "The end.\n",
      "The end.\n",
      "The end.\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for i in range(10):\n",
    "    if i>4:\n",
    "        print(\"The end.\")\n",
    "        continue\n",
    "    elif i<7:\n",
    "        print(i)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 7. List Comprehensions"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Python makes it simple to generate a required list with a single line of code using list comprehensions. For example If i need to generate multiples of say 27 I write the code using for loop as,"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[27, 54, 81, 108, 135, 162, 189, 216, 243, 270]\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "res = []\n",
    "for i in range(1,11):\n",
    "    x = 27*i\n",
    "    res.append(x)\n",
    "print(res)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Since you are generating another list altogether and that is what is required, List comprehensions is a more efficient way to solve this problem."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[27, 54, 81, 108, 135, 162, 189, 216, 243, 270]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 11,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "[27*x for x in range(1,11)]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "That's it!. Only remember to enclose it in square brackets"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Understanding the code, The first bit of the code is always the algorithm and then leave a space and then write the necessary loop. But you might be wondering can nested loops be extended to list comprehensions? Yes you can."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[27, 54, 81, 108, 135, 162, 189, 216, 243, 270]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 12,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "[27*x for x in range(1,20) if x<=10]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "metadata": {
    "scrolled": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{'108': 108,\n",
       " '135': 135,\n",
       " '162': 162,\n",
       " '189': 189,\n",
       " '216': 216,\n",
       " '243': 243,\n",
       " '27': 27,\n",
       " '270': 270,\n",
       " '54': 54,\n",
       " '81': 81}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 13,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "{str(27*x):27*x for x in range(1,20) if x<=10}"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "(27, 54, 81, 108, 135, 162, 189, 216, 243, 270)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 14,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "tuple((27*x for x in range(1,20) if x<=10))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Let me add one more loop to make you understand better, "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 15,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[1,\n",
       " 2,\n",
       " 3,\n",
       " 4,\n",
       " 5,\n",
       " 6,\n",
       " 7,\n",
       " 8,\n",
       " 9,\n",
       " 10,\n",
       " 28,\n",
       " 29,\n",
       " 30,\n",
       " 31,\n",
       " 32,\n",
       " 33,\n",
       " 34,\n",
       " 35,\n",
       " 36,\n",
       " 37,\n",
       " 55,\n",
       " 56,\n",
       " 57,\n",
       " 58,\n",
       " 59,\n",
       " 60,\n",
       " 61,\n",
       " 62,\n",
       " 63,\n",
       " 64,\n",
       " 82,\n",
       " 83,\n",
       " 84,\n",
       " 85,\n",
       " 86,\n",
       " 87,\n",
       " 88,\n",
       " 89,\n",
       " 90,\n",
       " 91,\n",
       " 109,\n",
       " 110,\n",
       " 111,\n",
       " 112,\n",
       " 113,\n",
       " 114,\n",
       " 115,\n",
       " 116,\n",
       " 117,\n",
       " 118]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 15,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "[27*i+z for i in range(50) if i<5 for z in range(1,11)]"
   ]
  }
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